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BM conducted a literature review and wrote the review manuscript. The author read and approved the final manuscript. Correspondence to Brandon Muncan. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Reprints and Permissions. Muncan, B. Public Health Rev 39, 32 Download citation. Received : 27 June Accepted : 18 October Published : 03 December Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.
Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. A study that examined high blood pressure prevalence across racial and ethnic groups in New York City found significantly lower rates of hypertension among white Americans, with an overall age-adjusted rate of Black Americans had the highest high blood pressure rate at Within each group, there were also significant differences.
Many factors other than genetics can lead to a higher risk of BIPOC developing high blood pressure, including racism in healthcare and everyday life. For example, researchers in a systematic review concluded that exposure to perceived racist behavior could lead to an increase in the risk of developing high blood pressure. Learn about hypertension in African Americans here. Obesity is a significant heart disease risk factor. It may also signal other risk factors, such as a low-quality diet and an inactive lifestyle.
According to the CDC, The rate for Black Americans is Hispanic adults have the second-highest obesity rate, at This is partly because they may not have easy access to fresh, healthier food and safe places to exercise. A study tracked diabetes rates among 7, adults between — The age and sex-adjusted prevalence of diabetes was as follows:.
Within groups, there was significant variation. For example, Learn about how these factors affect African Americans with diabetes in more detail here. High cholesterol rates vary by race and ethnicity.
The CDC reports that between —, rates of high cholesterol were:. Race is a social construct based on skin color rather than genetics or biology.
Many of the risk factors that can lead to cardiovascular disease or complications from the conditions are preventable and exist because of systemic racism. In the play and movie, the protagonist Henry Higgins moans, "Why can't a woman be more like a man?
The majority are related to the social determinants of health, says Keith C. These include socioeconomic status, physical environment, employment status, access to care and social support. Indeed, the social determinants of health make up a larger part of cardiovascular risk factors than nearly any other area of health. Health care professionals also play a role. For one, studies show low awareness of racial, ethnic or sex-based disparities among cardiovascular professionals.
Recognizing sex, gender, racial and ethnic differences in cardiovascular risk factors, disease presentation and treatment response is crucial to improving outcomes in these populations and reducing disparities. The rest of this article highlights specific issues clinicians should be aware of in HF, hypertension, type 2 diabetes T2D and atrial fibrillation AFib in women, blacks and Hispanics that may affect the quality of care provided and medical outcomes.
However, women tend to be older than men when diagnosed and to have a higher body mass index, hypertension and diabetes. They are also more likely to present with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction HFpEF.
HF in Blacks and Hispanics Blacks and other minorities have a higher risk of HF than whites, with the highest risk in black women. HF in black patients is more likely to stem from hypertension than coronary artery disease, and they are more likely to have HFpEF than whites.
In addition, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are significantly less effective than calcium channel blockers CCBs in preventing HF and stroke in blacks with hypertension. Thus, the best initial drug therapy for black patients is thiazide diuretics or CCBs. AFib in Women Women in the U. They also have a lower quality of life.
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