The Khoikhoi people at the Cape traded sheep, cattle, ivory, ostrich feathers and shells for beads, metal objects, tobacco and alcohol. Unlike the Portuguese, the Dutch did not trade guns as they did not want the Khoikhoi to use the guns against them. In , the VOC decided to establish a permanent refreshment station at the Cape. Jan van Riebeeck was appointed commander of this station. It was his responsibility to build a fort for their protection and a hospital for sick sailors.
Employees of the company planted vegetables and obtained meat from the Khoikhoi so that they could supply the ships as they called in at Table Bay. French and English ships were also allowed to stop at the Cape, but they were charged very high prices.
Increasingly the Khoikhoi lost land and cattle to the Dutch as the settlement grew. The Company used rival Khoikhoi clans to raid the Cochoqua herds between and This is known as the Second Khoikhoi-Dutch War. The Cochoqua were defeated and lost all their cattle and sheep to the Dutch and their Khoikhoi allies.
The boers then settled on their land. Wheat and grapes for wine were grown in this area for the settlement and for export to the passing ships.
The settlers were sold slaves from Madagascar, Mozambique and Indonesia to work the land. Trek Boers in the Karoo. As the settlement grew, some of the farmers became hunters and cattle farmers in the interior of the Cape. They were known as 'trekboers' because they lived in ox-wagons and were always on the move.
They were granted large pieces of land each and allowed their cattle to graze on the land until it was overgrazed and then they would move on.
The new arrivals were settled in the fertile valleys of Paarl, Stellenbosch and Franschhoek. The Khoikhoi were at a disadvantage in their struggle to resist the expansion of the Dutch settlement at the Cape. They had no guns or horses and were nearly wiped out by a series of smallpox epidemics that swept through the Cape starting in Like the Aztecs in Mexico, they had no immunity against European diseases and they died in their thousands.
The Khoikhoi found different ways to resist Dutch expansion. At first they resisted by attacking and raiding Dutch farms. In reaction, the trekboers formed themselves into military groups called 'commandos' and attacked the Khoikhoi in order to get back their cattle. As a result, hundreds of Khoikhoi people were killed.
As soon as the commandos returned to their farms, the Khoikhoi attacked again, setting in motion a continuous cycle of attack and counter-attack. In the end the Khoikhoi had two options. Either they could move into more remote and drier regions of the expanding colony or else they could become servants of the boers acting as trackers, herdsmen and shepherds. Some even joined boer commandos and attacked other Khoikhoi groups. The boers were not allowed to enslave the indigenous people of South Africa, so these Khoikhoi servants remained free citizens, but they were seldom paid wages.
They were usually paid in food, clothing, housing, brandy and tobacco. They were sometimes allowed to keep cattle, but they lost their independence and with that much of their culture and language.
In the Eastern Cape, many Khoikhoi people were absorbed into Xhosa society. European control of India Britain takes control of India. British East India Company flag. The Portuguese dominated the trade routes on the coast of India during the sixteenth century.
The Dutch forced the Portuguese out of India in the seventeenth century. Both companies began by trading in spices, but later shifted to textiles. They operated mostly on the southern and eastern coasts of India and in the Bengal region.
The French also joined trade in India in about Rapid growth followed, and in the company set up a new factory further up the Hugli river, on a site that became Calcutta now Kolkata. By the company had extended its trading activities in Bengal and used this as a reason to involve itself in Indian politics.
As the French and British were fighting over the control of India's trade, the Mogul Empire was experiencing serious problems and regional kingdoms were becoming more powerful. The emperor, Aurangzeb, was a harsh ruler who did not tolerate the Hindu population and often destroyed their temples. He tried to force Indians to become Muslims against their will.
As a result of this he was not a popular ruler. Soon after his death in , the empire began to disintegrate. The French and British took advantage of the weakness of the Mogul empire. They offered military support to the regional rulers who were undermining the empire. The British and the French kept increasing their own political or territorial power while pretending to support a specific local or regional ruler. By the French managed to place themselves in a powerful position in southern India, but a year later British troops took the French south-eastern stronghold by force.
This area was part of the Mogul Empire and its emperor attacked Calcutta in After this attack the British governor moved north from Madras and secretly conspired with the commander of his enemy's army.
The Mogul emperor was defeated at Plassey by the Company troops under the command of Robert Clive in The French attempted to regain their position in India but were forced to give up Pondicherry in In the British again defeated local rulers and firmly established British control over the Bengal region.
Source: historyfiles. They made use of both Indian and British soldiers to gain more land. The Indian population did not like British rule. This led to the Sepoy Rebellion of , in which Indian soldiers called sepoys staged an armed uprising. The rebellion failed because it lacked good leaders and did not have enough support. The uprising did not upset British rule, but many lives were lost during this rebellion.
The British then focused on governing efficiently while including some traditional elements of Indian society. After India was no longer controlled by the East India Company and was brought directly under British rule instead. Britain did not control the whole of India at this time.
Many princes signed treaties with the British and agreed to co-operate with the British. In other areas the British appointed Indians as princes and put them in charge. In this way Britain ruled the so-called Indian States indirectly. Queen Victoria of Britain appointed a viceroy to rule India. The expansion of European trade resulted in the colonisation of five continents over a period of five centuries. Using military force, each of the European colonial powers dominated world trade at different times.
When one colonial power became weak, another challenged it and replaced it as the dominant power. From voyages of trade and discovery to colonisation: This section of the grade 10 curriculum was developed in Early European voyages of trade and discovery Bartholomeu Dias, the first European to sail around the southern tip of Africa. Colonisation Colonisation is the process of acquiring colonies. Over the past years there have been different phases of colonisation.
Reasons for colonisation A quick way to remember the main reasons for establishing colonies is 'gold, God and glory', but you need to understand each reason in more detail. Conquering the Aztec Empire You learnt about the wealthy and powerful Aztec Empire in the previous section. Conquering the Inca Empire This is a portrait of Atahualpa, drawn from life, by a member of Pizarro's detachment, Resistance to Spanish colonialism The Aztec and Inca Empires covered very large areas and consisted of millions of people.
Resistance Case Study 3 The Spanish encountered particularly fierce resistance from the Auracanian tribes. Resistance Case Study 4 A distinct type of resistance in exploitation colonies was the slave revolt.
The legacy of the Spanish in Central and South America Disease and forced labour drastically reduced the population of Central America. It is estimated that the population of Mexico was reduced by ninety per cent in the first fifty years after the arrival of the Spanish.
In Central and South America, the Spanish settlers eventually intermarried with the Incas and Aztecs as most of the settlers were men. The people of mixed racial descent are known as mestizo and now form the majority of the population. The official language of the former Spanish colonies in the Americas is Spanish but there are many people who still speak their indigenous languages. The indigenous people were also converted to Catholicism which remains the dominant religion in Central and South America.
The legacy of the Portuguese in western-central Africa The Portuguese introduced agricultural products grown in South America such as maize, sugar cane and tobacco.
Coffee plantations were introduced to Angola in the nineteenth century. Coffee is one of Angola's major exports today. The Portuguese introduced guns to the region which changed the nature of warfare and enabled their allies to dominate other kingdoms. The Portuguese encouraged wars between rival kingdoms to maintain a constant supply of slaves.
The result of this was that the region was constantly at war and millions of young people, mainly men, were forced to leave Africa and work as slaves in the Americas. The Portuguese language is mainly spoken in urban areas of Angola today. However, the indigenous languages have survived among the rural population.
In modern Angola, about ninety per cent of the population is Christian, mainly Catholic, as a result of Portuguese missionary activity in the area.
The remainder of the population follows traditional African religions. Portuguese trading stations in East Africa A map drawn in Spain dated , showing the king of Mali holding a gold nugget. Source: British Library Well-established gold and ivory trade network existed between African kingdoms in the interior and cities on the east coast of Africa.
The Portuguese control of the Indian Ocean trade The During the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal led the world in navigation and exploration, and they believed it was their duty to spread the Catholic religion. The Portuguese replaced Arab control of the trade in ivory, gold and slaves with their own. They traded up the Zambezi river and interfered with the existing inland African trade.
Only kingdoms that co-operated with the Portuguese benefited from this interference. Portuguese is still spoken in Mozambique, but the majority of the rural population speaks one of the indigenous Bantu languages.
Only thirty per cent of the population is Christian, mostly Catholic. The majority of the population practise traditional African religions or no religion at all.
The Dutch in Southern Africa The Dutch challenged Portuguese domination of the Indian Ocean trade in the late sixteenth century when they began trading in spices, calico and silks in the East and gold, copper, ivory and slaves in Africa. Expansion of the Dutch settlement Increasingly the Khoikhoi lost land and cattle to the Dutch as the settlement grew. The Trekboers Trek Boers in the Karoo. Source: wikipedia As the settlement grew, some of the farmers became hunters and cattle farmers in the interior of the Cape.
Khoikhoi resistance in the interior The Khoikhoi were at a disadvantage in their struggle to resist the expansion of the Dutch settlement at the Cape. Dutch laws, customs and attitudes towards race were brought to South Africa and Dutch people became the ruling class until the Cape was taken over by the British in The Dutch did not actively encourage the Khoikhoi or slaves to become Christians as this would imply they were equal.
The process of land dispossession by indigenous people in South Africa began soon after the arrival of the Dutch and lasted until Racial mixing occurred at the Cape, but it was never openly accepted like it was in colonies such as Brazil and Mexico.
A few legal marriages did occur between different races, but most of the relationships across race lines were between European men and their female slaves or Khoikhoi servants. The children of these relationships formed part of what is known today as the Cape Coloured community. Freed slaves were also included into the Cape Coloured community. It depicts a man looking at the severed hand and foot of his murdered daughter, who had been killed after the man failed to meet his daily rubber harvesting quotient:.
The women were sexually assaulted. Two of the men were castrated. The most severe gruesome torture you could imagine. Likewise unmentioned is what happened in India under British rule: the horrific Amritsar massacre , the mass famines that killed millions, and the horrors of the partition.
French crimes in Algeria : unmentioned. German genocide in Namibia : unmentioned. I hated it more bitterly than I can perhaps make clear. In a job like that you see the dirty work of Empire at close quarters. The wretched prisoners huddling in the stinking cages of the lock-ups, the grey, cowed faces of the long-term convicts, the scarred buttocks of the men who had been flogged with bamboos — all these oppressed me with an intolerable sense of guilt.
But apparently this is not the case, because the Third World Quarterly chose to publish them. This article does not read as if it is attempting to be taken seriously.
I expect Gilley wants the following to happen: people will be outraged. They will call for the article to be retracted. This is a dynamic that has occurred many, many times. People got upset, for obvious reasons, and students objected to having to be taught by a white supremacist. The liberal reaction focuses on the moral heinousness.
I am also very concerned that this could be a PR coup for the right, as so many of these things are. Gilley did not meet the standards that should be expected of an academic. He falsified history. When evaluated by a fair standard, he has not upheld the honesty and rigor that should be expected of someone in his position, and the article is a factual disgrace as well as a moral one. This is why I put myself through the ordeal of reading The Bell Curve.
I think, then, that all responses to this article should be rigorous and careful. But pointing at these wrongs is not enough to explain the distinctive way in which colonialism is wrong. After all, murder, torture and exploitation are wrong whether or not they occur in the context of colonial occupation.
If all we can do to explain the nature of colonialism is point at the fact that it typically involves the perpetration of these crimes, we cannot vindicate the thought that there is something distinctively wrong with it.
And yet, intuitively the victims of colonial domination have suffered a distinctive wrong over and above those associated with these crimes. How should we understand the nature of this wrong? I answer this question by arguing that colonial domination undermines the capacity of political communities to exercise their self-determining agency in a particular way.
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