If this initiative is not encouraged, if it is restricted by parents or teacher, then the child begins to feel inferiour, doubting his own abilities and therefore may not reach his or her potential. If the child cannot develop the specific skill they feel society is demanding e. Some failure may be necessary so that the child can develop some modesty. Again, a balance between competence and modesty is necessary. Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of competence.
The fifth stage of Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development is identity vs. During this stage, adolescents search for a sense of self and personal identity, through an intense exploration of personal values, beliefs, and goals. During adolescence, the transition from childhood to adulthood is most important. Children are becoming more independent, and begin to look at the future in terms of career, relationships, families, housing, etc.
The individual wants to belong to a society and fit in. The adolescent mind is essentially a mind or moratorium, a psychosocial stage between childhood and adulthood, and between the morality learned by the child, and the ethics to be developed by the adult Erikson, , p. This is a major stage of development where the child has to learn the roles he will occupy as an adult.
It is during this stage that the adolescent will re-examine his identity and try to find out exactly who he or she is. Erikson suggests that two identities are involved: the sexual and the occupational. During this stage the body image of the adolescent changes. Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of fidelity. Fidelity involves being able to commit one's self to others on the basis of accepting others, even when there may be ideological differences.
During this period, they explore possibilities and begin to form their own identity based upon the outcome of their explorations. Role confusion involves the individual not being sure about themselves or their place in society. In response to role confusion or identity crisis , an adolescent may begin to experiment with different lifestyles e. Also pressuring someone into an identity can result in rebellion in the form of establishing a negative identity, and in addition to this feeling of unhappiness.
Intimacy versus isolation is the sixth stage of Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. This stage takes place during young adulthood between the ages of approximately 18 to 40 yrs. During this stage, the major conflict centers on forming intimate, loving relationships with other people. During this stage, we begin to share ourselves more intimately with others. We explore relationships leading toward longer-term commitments with someone other than a family member.
Successful completion of this stage can result in happy relationships and a sense of commitment, safety, and care within a relationship. Avoiding intimacy, fearing commitment and relationships can lead to isolation, loneliness, and sometimes depression.
Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of love. Generativity versus stagnation is the seventh of eight stages of Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development.
This stage takes place during during middle adulthood ages 40 to 65 yrs. Psychologically, generativity refers to "making your mark" on the world through creating or nurturing things that will outlast an individual. During middle age individuals experience a need to create or nurture things that will outlast them, often having mentees or creating positive changes that will benefit other people.
We give back to society through raising our children, being productive at work, and becoming involved in community activities and organizations. Through generativity we develop a sense of being a part of the bigger picture. Success leads to feelings of usefulness and accomplishment, while failure results in shallow involvement in the world. Piaget stages of development are the foundation of a well-known theory of early childhood development.
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Legg, Ph. Trust 2. Independence 3. Initiative 4. Accomplishment 5. Identity 6. Relationships 7. Contribution 8. Reflection Summary chart Takeaway Share on Pinterest. Stage 1: Trust vs. Stage 2: Autonomy vs. So what happens in the opposite case? If the child feels confident in making their own decisions, and they are encouraged and supported by their parents, they will become more self-assured, respectful, and honest individuals in the future.
As children start their preschool stage 3 to 5 years , they can express themselves more easily and use their language and motor skills. This stage is known as the phallic-oedipal period. One of the most significant features of this stage is being curious about sex. Children may touch their sexual organs, touch the sexual organs of their friends, and even play sexual games.
This is driven by curiosity, so parents should not accuse or punish the child. Children who are humiliated, subject to violence, or punished because of their curiosity will be devastated. The consequences of this kind of behavior appear at later ages. Sexual problems and depression in adulthood are usually due to negative experiences between the ages of 3 to 5 years.
This is also a period when a child will establish relationships with their friends. There may be some aggressive behaviors, but it can easily be resolved with games or toys. Of course, the guidance of parents is important.
We advise you to find pedagogical support if you need specialized assistance. Parents should not use violence to discipline their children who are aggressive and fight. This will only increase their tendency for violence later in life. If this period is approached carefully and positively, the child will most likely grow up to be an individual who is respectful and responsible.
You might have realized that with every stage, a new behavior appears in the child and the environmental i. At stage 4, children reach their school age 5 to 12 years. It is known as the latent period. This is the stage where children develop social relationships and increase their productivity and learning. Children will learn how to finish tasks on their own, to ask for help when they need it, and to help others. To avoid feeling isolated or alone, individuals must learn to not lose themselves when sharing or caring for others.
Gaining a strong self-identity allows an individual to achieve true intimacy, whereas identity diffusion can be a challenge. Basic virtue developed: love. During middle adulthood, individuals have a positive goal of generativity. In most cases, this results in procreation, along with the fulfillment of parental and social responsibilities. This is in strict contrast to interest in the self or self-absorption.
Basic virtue developed: care. One can either develop a sense of satisfaction of their life and approach death with peace or develop a sense of despair over missed opportunities and wasted time, leaving the individual to approach death with dread. Basic virtue developed: wisdom. Although Erikson built his psychosocial development theory upon many years of field research and study, the theory maintains a foundation in a few assumptions. The psychosocial development theory holds that individuals are shaped by and react to their environment.
For this reason, the theory may prove to be a useful tool in many fields, including social work. As with all theories, the psychosocial development theory has strengths and weaknesses. These social crises instruct how individuals react to the surrounding world. Rather, the theory is best suited as an addition to other relevant social work theories and practices. You may find the following related books and online resources useful throughout your social work education and career.
As an evolutionary psychologist, the author offers insights and new discoveries of growth potential for older adults. Discussion includes the influence of ethnicity, diversity in the social work practice, changes in family life roles, changes in ideas, and practice approaches.
The result is a comprehensive and state-of-the-art examination of identity development that pushes the field in provocative new directions. Department of Health and Human Services has a collection of resources for youth-serving professionals, including a child development resource guide for parents and providers.
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